From a certain angle, the gently curving horns of a scimitar-horned oryx can look like a single spike. Scholars believe this antelope, or its closely related cousin, the Arabian oryx, may have been the source of the unicorn myth. But as with the fabled beasts, you’d have a hard time finding them: They’re classified as extinct in the wild.
Yet here I am, riding on an ATV in the Texas Hill Country, watching a herd of about 30 oryxes kicking up the scent of blooming lavender as they gallop across the rocky terrain.
The ATV driver, Brian Gilroy, marvels at them. “There are more here than exist in the wild,” he says. Gilroy runs a company called Wildlife Partners, to which this 1,750-acre property and these animals belong.
A sedated zebra is lifted by a helicopter at a ranch called Sexy Whitetails, near San Angelo. The wildness and heft of exotic hoofed wildlife make them difficult to corral and transport, which has led to a lucrative subsector: transportation. When a ranch wants to sell animals to another, it often brings in an outside expert, like Wildlife Partners, to help. Even with the aid of experts, a small percentage of animals die during capture. “I would say it’s probably 3 percent of the animals moved, maybe less,” Gilroy says. Causes of death include stress, unforeseen reactions to sedation drugs, and accidents.
Michael Rann, the breeding manager for 777 Ranch, a large hunting establishment near Hondo, darts an Arabian oryx for transport. The nephew of ranch owner Jeff Rann, Michael cares for the ranches 6,000 animals. He’s known many of the animals since their birth and recognizes them individually. Even though Michael says he realizes that hunting fees are the ranch’s primary source of income, losing them to hunters can be painful. “I wish that the animals I raised weren’t shot,” he says. “But it is what it is. I know what I signed up for.”
Wildlife Partners is one of Texas’ newest and largest exotic wildlife ranching companies. It specializes in raising, buying, selling, and transporting hoofed animals, from oryxes to zebras to Cape buffalo. These animals “are good as $100 bills,” Gilroy says.
But that’s understating it a bit. One adult female Cape buffalo or giraffe could sell for $200,000, while a pair could fetch $250,000.
This ranch is just one of thousands throughout Texas that raises exotic hoofed animals, also known as hoofstock or ungulates. There are more than a million non-native hoofstock across the state, belonging to 125 different species, according to Charly Seale, head of Texas-based Exotic Wildlife Association, an industry group with some 5,000 ranchers as members. The industry brings in $2 billion in revenue annually, he says.
As with domestic cattle operations, owners make money by raising and selling the animals—to each other, to wealthy landowners who enjoy owning the creatures, and to commercial hunting operations, where customers can put up large fees to shoot rare, exotic animals without traveling abroad. (Read more about sport hunting here.)
Wildlife Partners, like many exotic game ranches, is not a commercial hunting ranch. Its revenue comes from breeding, buying, and selling animals. Some of those creatures, however, do end up on hunting ranches.
But the bulk of the industry, Gilroy says, is made up of private citizens who don’t offer commercial hunts. “Owning exotic wildlife gives landowners a sense of pride,” Gilroy says, as well as status.
Exotic ranchers tend to be private and wary toward the media, which many consider to be biased toward urban, anti-hunting viewpoints. They worry about being misrepresented.
Wes Livingston and BJ Dugger grab the horns of a sable antelope that’s been airlifted from a pasture at Tequila Trophy Ranch in Utopia, Texas, about 60 miles west of San Antonio.
About 80 miles west, at Nitro Whitetails and Exotics, I got an up-close view of how airlifts and transportation operations work. In May 2019, helicopter pilot Darren “Chavi” Flores flew me and Tad Honeycutt, head of Wildlife Partner’s capture crew, over a herd of gemsbok—large antelope with long, straight horns—in preparation for capture and sale. Honeycutt loaded up a dart gun with a nerve-blocking agent that would temporarily immobilize the animal. He shot the dart into an animal’s flank.
The helicopter landed just as the antelope stumbled and fell. Honeycutt dashed out and grabbed the horns of the animal, while a cowboy who had ridden with us bound its legs. As saliva collected on the gemsbok’s chin, they rolled it into a sling connected to the helicopter. It was then lifted to a temporary holding pen while more animals were rounded up. Over the next four hours, the team captured seven addax, four gemsbok, two blesbok, and one sable—which Wildlife Partners bought all together for $37,000, cutting a check to the owner on the spot.
An Arabian oryx in a trailer at 777 Ranch awaits transport to a Wildlife Partners facility. The ranch is owned by Botswana-born Jeff Rann, whose arms bear several scars—including one from being bitten by an injured leopard during a hunt and another from being gored by a sable antelope. As a professional hunter—someone who guides paying sport hunters as they stalk their prey—he specializes in dangerous game. At 777, there aren’t leopards or other predators, but there are 40 species of hoofed animals, some of which can be dangerous to handle.
The owners of Y.O. Ranch in Mountain Home, for example, agreed to meet me in 2019 against the counsel of friends. “We love America, we love the military, and we love our animals,” Byron Sadler says, summarizing his affection for and sense of duty toward all three. Questioning one is like questioning all—in other words, the institution of exotic animal ownership is not open for debate.
Gilroy is more open with journalists, however. “If we don’t tell our story, somebody else will,” he says.
What makes an animal wild?
Texas’ exotic game animals aren’t domesticated and often don’t require much hands-on care, but neither are they truly wild. Unlike native white-tailed deer, elk, and bighorn sheep, they’re not legally classified as game—even though they’re often hunted. Instead, like domestic livestock and pets, they’re considered private property.
Some of the species on these ranches are threatened, endangered, or even extinct in the wild, like the scimitar-horned oryx. But these and almost all exotic hoofstock species on Texas ranches can be hunted legally because most aren’t on the U.S. Endangered Species Act list, which focuses primarily on the protection of native species. Under Texas law, exotic species are classified as “livestock,” so while the owners must adhere to certain animal health requirements, there’s little regulation beyond that.
Axis deer, native to Asia, roam large pastures at 777 Ranch. Over the years, axis deer have escaped from other exotic ranches to established feral populations in Texas, as have additional nonnative species, such as aoudad sheep and nilgai antelope. Large exotic animals require a lot of vegetation and can limit food for native grazers. This is one reason the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department generally “encourages the removal of exotic ungulates,” says Mark Mitchell, who manages Mason Mountain Wildlife Management Area, a former game ranch where researchers study the ecological impacts of six exotic species, left from the property’s past as a game ranch.
You can hunt them “day or night,” says John Silovsky, deputy director of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. “No bag limits, no seasons.”
This legal landscape, combined with Texas’ famously independent character, its emphasis on private property rights, vast open spaces, and warm climate, have created the perfect recipe for exotic game ranching.
Since the 1950s, when Y.O. Ranch demonstrated that the breeding and hunting of exotic hoofed animals in Texas could be profitable, the industry has been expanding quickly. State surveys show that in 1963, there were about 13,000 exotic hoofed animals; in 1979, there were 72,000; and in 1988, 164,000. Today, there are more than a million.
Aaron Bulkley, owner of Texas Hunt Lodge, about 60 miles northwest of San Antonio, says that the exotic ranching business has grown in recent years for the simple reason that the overall economy has grown.
Wildlife biologist Chris Miller shot this male Arabian oryx at 777 Ranch in late 2018. He spent a day and a half stalking the oryx, sleeping over at a cabin at the ranch. He hunts most of his own meat, which includes everything from oryx to deer. “I think some of that inherent wildness remains with them,” he says of the captive-bred animals at the ranch. Male animals are typically hunted for their big horns and antlers, as well as to reduce conflict and competition over females, Jeff Rann says.
More people have realized they can raise and sell exotic animals for greater profit than domestic livestock. While a domestic cow generally sells a for little over $1,000, even a common exotic animal such as a scimitar-horned oryx can go for four times that amount.
Demand for year-round hunting and the draw of being able to sell year-round hunts without the restrictions that come with white-tailed deer breeding and hunting have also been drivers of growth.
During the coronavirus pandemic, Texas Governor Greg Abbott deemed hunting and agriculture—which includes animal breeding operations—“essential” activities, so the industry hasn’t been heavily impacted despite the economic downturn, Seale says. “The sale of breeding stock has remained strong,” he says.
Commodification and conservation
The industry does have its critics. Some animal-rights activists, who object to the idea that wild animals are resources for humans to profit from, have sought to curtail the exotic ranching industry. They object to the commercialization of wildlife and the hunting of globally rare animals for sport—a tough argument to win in a place like Texas Hill Country, where deer-hunting season is a fall tradition.
“It’s not right to shoot a doomed lawn ornament on a hunting ranch—it’s not conservation,” says Priscilla Feral, president of the Connecticut-based animal welfare group Friends of Animals, which has sued the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service several times to try to limit the ownership of endangered animals. The group succeeded in 2009 in getting ranchers to donate the harvest fees of three species to conservation causes, though that requirement was reversed by Congress in 2014.
Still, a portion of hunting fees from four other exotic species—the barasingha, Arabian oryx, Eld’s deer, and red lechwe—must go toward the species’ “enhancement” in their native ranges, which could include government-approved programs of reintroduction, habitat improvement, and the like. But because these programs are typically based outside of the U.S., maintaining oversight and monitoring effectiveness can be difficult. Beyond that, as private businesses, exotic wildlife ranches have no obligation to contribute to conservation efforts.
Nonetheless, many ranchers and hunters argue that there’s conservation value in these herds of exotic animals as “insurance populations”—if a species goes extinct in the wild, at least they still exist on Texas ranches, the thinking goes. Zoos make the same argument, but accredited zoos participate in intensively managed Species Survival Plans to maintain genetically diverse and sustainable populations. A few ranches in Texas participate in such programs; most do not.
A wildebeest (front), two Transcaspian urials (back wall), and an elk trophy await repair in 777 Ranch’s old taxidermy shop. Taxidermied animals are a common sight throughout the ranch’s guest areas. Jeff Rann also displays photos of him and his clients posing with big game they’ve killed, including a photo from Botswana of the former king of Spain, Juan Carlos, posing with a dead elephant propped against a tree. In the ranch’s dining room, two TVs play grainy highlights of Rann’s hunts on a loop. The most striking scene shows a client in Botswana taking a bad shot and wounding a male lion. The injured animal starts to charge, but a bullet hits him between the eyes. “That was the best shot of my career,” Rann says.
Some ranches have participated in breeding programs for Arabian and scimitar-horned oryx to be reintroduced to the wild, but Feral and other conservationists point out that such programs are rare. They also point out that exotic animals have escaped from their Texas ranches, causing ecological damage, and that exotic ranch owners—like livestock ranch owners—kill native predators including bobcats, coyotes, and mountain lions to protect their herds.
Gilroy acknowledges he’s a business owner first and foremost, and that he’s focused on growing his company—not conservation. But in the future, he’d like to help some of these animal species somehow, besides just breeding a lot of them—though he’s not sure yet what that would look like. “It’s difficult to be charitable without being successful,” he says.
Mélanie Wenger is a National Geographic explorer and founding member of
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